ENVS 240 - The Actual Cost of Energy

The need for power in almost every aspect of our lives is increasing rapidly, placing ever-growing demands on energy availability. The application of renewable resources to this problem, and the concept of energy conservation, are both becoming more prominent in developed nations. However, it is important to consider the cost (both economic and human) of conventional and renewable resources when deciding which energy source is the most suitable. Many renewables offer potential utility, but the major limiting factor is their ability to supply power when needed. For example, solar power can only be generated upon irradiation, and wind power can only be generated when the wind blows. Batteries and fuel cells are becoming increasingly important as they can potentially store the energy generated by such sources and utilized at a later point. The technology used in current rechargeable batteries is advancing at the most significant pace since they were invented over 200 years ago (making long-lasting smartphones, laptops, and hybrid cars possible), however this rapid pace may still not be enough to meet future demands. Significant environmental issues are associated with such explosive growth, for example rare earth metals that are incorporated into the batteries of hybrid vehicles often are harvested through destructive mining techniques. Additionally, the electricity used to recharge batteries typically comes from conventional generation such as coal-fired or nuclear plants. One final associated environmental impact that is not always considered is the requirement for significant amounts of water used for cooling during the generation and distribution of power.
In this course, the complex cycle of energy and its environmental impacts, from generation to usage, will be tracked for a variety of energy sources both conventional and renewable. The chemistry and electrochemistry of batteries and battery materials will be studied. Students will apply the laws of thermodynamics to develop a rigorous analysis of the conversion and conservation of energy, to illustrate but one important perspective we will take when investigating efficiency and the overall energy requirements. The course will also include discussions regarding the environmental effects and debates about the best path forwards to apply an effective energy policy, including the energy and water required to mine in remote areas, or the energy required to build a wind turbine, etc. In addition, the complex and contemporary issues, including international relations regarding power, such as the very recent strains between China and the U.S. relating to a recent reduction in rare earth exports. Especially of importance to our residents is the discussion to begin rare earth mining in the Mojave Desert. Even more far-out resources, such as companies that are collecting capital to drill for metals on asteroids will be discussed as well.

Cross-listed with EJST 240 INTD 242
4 credits